Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Example Essay Example

Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Example Paper Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Introduction It is clear from the start that Tony and Brenda’s relationship is doomed. Brenda, a former socialite, is completely and utterly bored with her monotonous relationship, and completely and utterly bored with her equally monotonous husband, and this is best conveyed in Waugh’s depiction of the couple’s breakfast routine. Waugh seems to have the ambition of emphasizing his skepticism for relationships, and does so by writing the sad tale of Tony and Brenda Last. Waugh creates a sense of monotony easily and skillfully. For example, â€Å"Only four of the six churches were visible that morning†. This is a perfect example of how boring Tony’s character really is. One of his daily highlights is to see church spires out of Brenda’s window. Everyday. The author really wants to convey to the audience that here is a man who is very much stuck in his ways. He shows no desire for change and adventure, which is exactly what Brenda desires. When Tony respond s to an invitation to a party with â€Å"Not on her life!† Brenda replies with, â€Å"No, I guessed not.† She is resigned to putting up with her dull life, and seems, at first at the very least, quite self-sacrificial and to be a considerate wife. However, it is also evident that she shows little affection for Tony. Discuss how understanding the relationship between Brenda and Tony Last Essay Body Paragraphs When he enters the bedroom in which they are taking their breakfast, she simply greets him with â€Å"kiss†, which is quite possibly the most dispassionate way of asking for a kiss ever. Brenda â€Å"kisses† by â€Å"turning her lips away and rubbing against his cheek like a cat. It was a way she had.† The author truly conveys a distinct lack of passion or genuine affection, Brenda acted out if habit, not out of self will. He also didn’t receive a real kiss, showing their relationship was missing any fire, leading the reader to doubt Brenda’s true feelings for Tony. Waugh stresses the differences between Tony and Brenda with subtlety, â€Å"she had insisted on a modern bed.† Their relationship is presented in a very unsympathetic manner, and also as the stereo-type of an upper class relationship during the era, thus foreshadowing the end of the relationship. Forster has also shown the effects that being a member of the upper -class on his cha racters. Cecil endeavors to remove Lucy of â€Å"the Honeychurch taint â€Å". Forster constantly forewarns the demise of Lucy and Cecil’s relationship, as does Waugh. Lucy has refused Cecil’s offer or marriage three times before he finally accepts, showing her severe reluctance. The engagement is a sham, a front for Lucy’s relationship with George, much like Brenda’s marriage covering her affair with John Beaver. Waugh seems to also hint at the destruction of the couple’s marriage simply by giving the couple different bedrooms, ‘Morgan le Fay’ and ‘Guinevere’. This shows a strong sense of irony, as Guinevere herself was said to be adulterous, suggesting Brenda’s impending infidelity. Her treachery is indicated when being referred to as like a mermaid, â€Å"a Nereid emerging from fathomless depths of clear water.† Waugh also uses techniques such as describing Brenda and Tony as two separate people, rather than a couple. Furthermore, this seems to be a new concept in the Hetton manor, breaking family traditions, as Tony’s parents were known to be ‘inseperable’ in Guinevere’. This emphasizes the differences between the couple, showing that the marriage was already loveless from the offset. Tony’s ignorance of his wife’s mounting boredom is how Waugh prevents him as the male naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½f in the novel. Which highlights Waugh’s reference to â€Å"Morgan Le Fay† with the inability to see what is right before his own eyes. Waugh is particularly good at foreshadowing future events in his novel with possibly suggestive speech. Brenda says to Mr. Beaver at the end of his visit to Hetton â€Å"next time you come† with warns the reader of a future encounter between the pair. This is seems to hint at Brenda’s imminent adultery and her unfaithful nature. Waugh also uses his description of John Beaver as a means of foreshadowin g the relationships demise. He presents Beaver in a highly derogatory light, as a man who is dull and spends his time scrounging off others. â€Å"He got up late and sat near the telephone most of the day, hoping to be rung up† shows that he would rather waste time than pay his own way. Simply the name is an ironic choice, as it doesn’t suit his character. Beavers, by nature, are industrious and hard-working animals, and John Beaver is as far removed from his namesake as could be. Waugh shows that he has absolutely no prospects of employment. By portraying him in this way, Waugh depicts to the reader how desperate and lonely Brenda really is, as she will take up any company available. This is further expressed by how quickly she warms to Beaver. At the first hint of Beaver’s arrival, Brenda suggests that â€Å"he can go into Galahad, no one who sleeps there ever comes again.† However, she soon changes her mind, â€Å"Next time you come again you must hav e a better room . I daresay you wont ever come again, people so seldom do.† She is charmed, somehow, after spending only a day with him, and is eager to spend more time in his company. This further serves to highlight Tony’s naivety and his misguided trust in his wife, which he does throughout the novel. Waugh also hints at Tony’s naivety continuously throughout the novel. Tony states that Brenda was ‘heroic with Beaver’, to which she replies that she was ‘coping’ with it, and she enjoyed his company, hinting at their growing intimacy. Waugh begins to refer to Brenda and Beaver as ‘they’ showing that they are now a couple. The fact that Tony notices none of this further alludes to his naivety. When Brenda sends a telegram to Tony, she finishes with ‘love to you both’, which is ironic considering that she is seeing another man behind Tony’s back, therefore leading Tony into a false sense of security about his marriage. As the novel progresses, Evelyn Waugh unveils more and more of Brenda’s true character. The unsavory nature of Beaver’s character is enhanced throughout the book by dark imagery. His room is â€Å"gloomy and cluttered† and he â€Å"emerged from the shadows below.† It is clear that this is not a character the audience should support. Forster uses similar techniques in his novel to describe Cecil. Forster, unlike Waugh uses physical descriptions his characters rather than use of dialogue. Cecil was â€Å"medieval, like a gothic statue.† â€Å"Cecil snored on in his darkened room.† These are stark contrasts to Forsters’ description of George, Lucy’s other love interest. â€Å"The view was golden, enveloped by light and beauty.† George is presented as bright and colorful, and seems to make Lucy come alive, and Forster portrays George accordingly. Waugh also alludes to Brenda’s infidelity many times throu ghout the novel. When asked about her doings in London by her husband, Brenda replies that she has ‘been behaving rather badly to tell the truth’, and also outright telling Tony that she has been carrying on ‘madly’ with ‘young men’. This shows Tony’s lack of understanding, as he sees Brenda’s confession as a sarcastic comment. It also conveys both Tony’s loyalty and his naivety, as he perceives her character as one who would not have such affairs. His trust makes him see his wife’s affair as a poor taste joke. Brenda lets out that she doesn’t ‘really deserve’ Tony’s kindness, admitting that she has been ‘carrying on anyhow’ for the week. Waugh makes Brenda make a mockery out of Tony, toying with his emotion. This shows the reader how easily manipulated Tony is, whilst at the same time showing Brenda’s true nature. She is clever at using her husband’s feelings in her favor, making him feel bad when she is in the wrong. This is emphasized when Tony arrives to visit Brenda in London. She makes him feel guilty for arriving unannounced, and claims she is too busy to see him. â€Å"I’m going out darling, you should’ve rung ahead.† Tony is so blinded by naivety that he cannot see how strange this behavior is. However, despite not being able to see that his wife is cheating on him, Tony is intuitive to the fact that he is being pushed out of his wife’s life. â€Å"They call me old boy. I know they laugh at me.† Waugh creates characters that do not evolve as the novel progresses, allowing you to sympathize with and admire Tony. He is named Tony Last as he is the last in a dying breed of true English gentlemen, and Waugh wants to convey his disgust in the â€Å"new† middle class’s abandonment of traditional morals, using satire to portray his sadness at the emergence of a new â€Å"flapper girl† culture. Forster, conversely, uses rounded characters who mature and adapt as A room with a View unfolds. Whereas Waugh wants to show how he doesn’t want culture and society, and even people to change, Forster has a more accepting view of this. A room with a view is also lacking in Waugh’s cynical satire, taking a more romantic view on relationships. Lucy, the central character, eventually ends up with George, her true love, proving that love can overcome many obstacles. However, in a Handful of dust the protagonist is left in the Amazon jungle. It is apparent from the offset that Brenda and Tony’s relationship is doomed in the novel ‘A handful of Dust.’ Waugh makes their differences clear throughout the novel, also making clear his distaste at the relationships within the English Upper-class. Brenda’s further progression into a relationship with Jock Grant-Menzies, whilst Lucy remains with George, further emphasizes Waugh and Forsterâ€℠¢s different views, with Waugh’s satirical sadness contrasting with Forster’s acceptance and romanticism. Despite Lucy and Cecil’s relationship being doomed, she did not act as unscrupulously with George as Brenda with Beaver, and this is the key point of comparison between the two novels. A Room with a View is a tale of love, hope and morality. A handful of Dust is an account of the author’s sadness as the demise of conventions in adapting upper-class society. 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A Guide to Writing Essays on Abortion

A Guide to Writing Essays on Abortion A Guide to Writing Essays on Abortion The topic of abortion is sensitive, newsworthy, and controversial. It touches the subjects of politics, law, public health, religion, sociology, and more. It is a topic that incites intense conversation and debate. It is also a topic that is discussed in many college classrooms for many different reasons. Essays on abortion are assigned in many different courses to give students the opportunity to argue their positions on the topic or to demonstrate their understanding of this issue. Some students look forward to these assignments because they have strong opinions on the issue that they are eager to share. Unfortunately these students often fall prey to many of the pitfalls of writing an essay about abortion. These include: Using overly biased sources Ignoring evidence that doesn’t support their beliefs Confusing rhetoric for fact Constructing strawmen Using belittling language when referring to those with opposing beliefs To avoid these pitfalls, double check your sources, include sources that support opposing views, concentrate on facts, debate only what the people with the opposing view have stated and not what you think they have stated, and use respectful language. Abortion Essay Topic Suggestions Here are a few suggestions for students who are looking for essay suggestions on abortion. What are the pros and cons of abortion as it relates to public health? Will people ever come to an agreement on the abortion debate? Should taxpayer money fund abortions? Would free contraceptives cut down on the number of abortions each year? Should young women under the age of 18 be able to obtain abortion services without parental consent? If a man impregnates a woman, should he have to give his consent for her to have an abortion? Write an argumentative essay, discussing whether or not you are for or against abortion past 24 weeks. Will mandatory ultra-sounds and waiting periods reduce the number of abortions? What are the risks of having an abortion? Will comprehensive sexual education programs in schools reduce the rate of teen pregnancies and abortions? What can be done to reduce the number of abortions without making it legal? Should the government fund crisis pregnancy centers? If you are against abortion, what exceptions would you allow? Write a pro choice abortion research paper on a famous individual who helped the pro choice movement. Discuss the history of Planned Parenthood Abortion Essay Assistance Between spending time choosing a topic, researching, vetting your sources, taking notes, writing, editing, and revising, you can spend several days working on your abortion essay. This is a lot of time and effort to dedicate to a single writing assignment. If you have a job, a family, or a social life, finding time to finish complex writing assignments like these can be nearly impossible. It’s no wonder that so many college students feel constantly stressed out and overwhelmed. They are just too busy! Here’s some good news! You don’t have to be that overworked student. You can simply place an order at and we will help you with your paper on abortion or any other subject.

Health Policy on Obesity in Relation to Mental Health Illness Essay

Health Policy on Obesity in Relation to Mental Health Illness - Essay Example The  World Health Organization  defines mental health as "a state of  well-being  in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community" (World Health Organisation, 2010). Obesity, where excess fat accumulates in the body, causes serious health problems like diabetes, liver and heart problems, and/or cancer, often also leads to mental illness in the affected person, thus producing an overall negative effect on human health. Data from the latest Health Survey for England (HSE) revealed that â€Å"in 2009, 61.3% of adults (aged 16 or over), and 28.3% of children (aged 2-10) in England were overweight or obese, of these, 23.0% of adults and 14.4% of children were obese. The Foresight report, Tackling Obesities: Future Choices project, published in October 2007, predicted that if no action was taken, 60% of men, 50% of women and 25% of children would be obese by 2050† (Department of Health, Obesity, 2011). ... ity to accord proper healthcare to all sections of the population, to spread awareness and educate the public through various promotions and programmes. In this context, the paper will examine the determinants of health, their relevance to health and well-being, and the impact of inequalities of health on individuals and populations, while analysing the impact of policies on public health and healthcare access, and the structure, organization and delivery of healthcare.   It will also evaluate the role of the nurse in the promotion of health with individuals, families and populations and first contact care, while using a health promotion framework to illustrate role of nurse Discussion The determinants of health, their relevance to health and well-being, and the impact of inequalities of health on individuals and populations: The surrounding environment and circumstances that one faces in his/her daily life, often decides the course of health of that particular individual. Differen t factors like family income, education, lifestyle, surrounding environment, interpersonal relationships, and genetics, all have a significant effect on health. On the other hand, certain commonly deliberated factors like the availability and use of health care services, tend to produce less impact on an individual’s health (WHO, Health Impact Assessment (HIA) - The determinants of health, 2011). According to WHO the determinants of health comprise of â€Å"the social and economic environment; the physical environment; and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours† (ibid). Thus, we find that often the ambience/surroundings in a person’s life determines this/her health, and some of these determinants are quite beyond the direct control of an individual. Besides the

Nursing-Prevention of Pressure Ulcer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing-Prevention of Pressure Ulcer - Essay Example Prevention of pressure ulcer can be considered as such a topic which is concerned with multiple specialties. Reason behind the choice of topic: A pressure ulcer is a skin area that that would break down as the patient stays in a constant position for too long. Since there is no shift of body weight in certain cases of maladies, irregularity in blood supply may take place in the area of the body under pressure leading to pressure ulcer (Bluestein & Javaheri, 2008). Pressure ulcer (also called bedsore or decubitus ulcer) can be seen in a variety of patients. From patients who have diabetes to those who have Alzheimer’s disease, pressure ulcers may be diagnosed. Therefore, while discussing pressure ulcers, there is a scope to discuss its occurrence in relation with a variety of diseases. Moreover, today in the urban society, hospitals are coming across increased number of accident cases (particularly, the road accidents). Pressure ulcers are often found in patients who have serious problems in mobility, especially due to various accidents. The problem is thus becoming comparatively com mon and deserves attention in the field of nursing. How the topic relates to the workplace: As a nurse in a nursing home or hospital, adequate knowledge of pressure ulcers may prove to be a basic requirement in the case of caring older adults and accident victims in particular. â€Å"Part of a nurse’s work is to assist patients with their physical, spiritual, and social needs if patients are unable to satisfy these needs on their own. Hygiene and skin condition, including nutritional balance, are significant factors in preventing pressure ulcers† (Romanelli et al, 2006). In today’s urban society, increased number of older adults with impaired mobility is leading to larger number of patients with pressure ulcers. Moreover, accident victims too may face the problem of these ulcers in the course of long treatment. Preventing pressure ulcers thus becomes one of the most

American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Government - Essay Example Many immigrant families have a vision of seeking a better future for their kids and have often have unfortunate circumstances beyond their control. Hence, illegal immigrants should be able granted amnesty because it gives immigrants new opportunities, benefits the American core values, and enhances the economy. Before diving into the legality of the problem, it is crucial to understand why and how illegal immigration is a controversial issue. The famous saying that American roads are paved with gold is an ideology that is supported and believed by many. Every nation has a purpose of its creation and independence. The untold story of America is bit different as America was founded upon the principles of freedom. America’s tradition to build upon opportunity has been the pinnacle point that has made it exceptional over the years. Undoubtedly, it is also one of the key characteristics that has made individuals all across the world to migrate to America. A country where opportunities are prevalent and individualism is propagated is truly an element that makes this country exceptional. Examples of immigration success rage from Albert Einstein to Barack Obama. Hence, America continues to be exceptional because of the opportunities, firm belief in changing status quo, and diversity that it has celebrated over the centuries. This is why America appeals to illegal immigrant, because it allows them to migrate here and seek an opportunity that was never present in their homeland. First and foremost, it is essential to understand that American citizens feel entitled to preserve any invasion that would affect their American dream. Most Americans have a very clear understanding that most illegal immigrants come to America seeking a better life and are willing to work hard for a lower pay. This insecurity has been a focal point of Americans for many centuries. It is clear that this hostility is built because of these issues that

The Introduction To Malicious Software Computer Science Essay

The Introduction To Malicious Software Computer Science Essay Malware is a collective term for any malicious software which enters system without authorization of user of the system. The term is created from amalgamation the words malicious and software. Malware is a very big hazard in todays computing world. It continues to grow in capacity and advance in complexity. As more and more organization try to address the difficulty, the number of websites distribute the malware is rising at an frightening rate and is getting out of control. Most of the malware enters the system while downloading files over Internet. Once the malicious software finds its way into the system, it scans for vulnerabilities of operating system and perform unintended actions on the system finally slowing down the performance of the system. Malware has ability to infect other executable code, data/system files, boot partitions of drives, and create excessive traffic on network leading to denial of service. When user executes the infected file; it becomes resident in memory and infect any other file executed afterwards. If operating system has a vulnerability, malware can also take control of system and infect other systems on network. Such malicious programs (virus is more popular term) are also known as parasites and adversely affect the performance of machine generally resulting in slow-down. Some malware are very easy to detect and remove through antivirus software[1]. These antivirus software maintains a repository of virus signatures i.e., binary pattern characteristic of malicious code. Files suspected to be infected are checked for presence of any virus signatures. This method of detection worked well until the malware writer started writing polymorphic malware [15][16] and metamorphic malware. These variant of malware avoid detection through use of encryption techniques to thwart signature based detection. Security products such as virus scanners look for characteristics byte sequence (signature) to identify malicious code. The quality of the detector is determined by the techniques employed for detection. A stealth malware detection[36] technique must be able to identify malicious code that is hidden or embedded in the original program and should have some capability for detection of yet unknown malware. Commercial virus scanners have very low resilience to new attacks because malware writers continuously make use of new obfuscation methods so that the malware could evade detections. 2.1 Computer Virus A computer virus[6] is basically a program which is written by the programmers whose behaviour is to replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. The term virus is also normally, but incorrectly, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware .and these spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability. Malware includes various computer viruses[6], such as computer worms, Trojan horses[17], most of them are rootkits, spyware which are also considered as dishonest adware and other malicious or redundant software, including proper viruses. Viruses are occasionally confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are theoretically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself repeatedly to other computers through networks[7], while a Trojan horse is a program that appears nontoxic but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses[17], like viruses, may harm a computer systems data or recital. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to themselves. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves. An example of a virus which is not a malware, but is putatively benevolent, is Fred Cohens theoretical compression virus[6]. However, various antivirus professionals[5] dont admit the concept of kindly viruses, as any beloved function can be implemented without involving a virus automatic compression, for instance, is available under the Windows operating system at the choice of the user. Any virus will by definition make unconstitutional changes to a computer, which is undesirable even if no damage is done or intended. On page one of Dr Solomons Virus pdf, the undesirability of viruses, even those that do nothing but reproduce, is thoroughly explained. 2.1.1 Academic Work Veith Risak published[6] the article whose title was as follows Selbstreproduzierende Automaten mit minimaler Information sà ¼bertragung (Self-reproducing automaton with minimum information switch over). The article described a fully serviceable virus written in assembler language for a particular SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system. In the year 1980 Jà ¼rgen Kraus wrote his thesis on Selbstreproduktion bei Programmen at the University of Dortmund. In his work Kraus guess that computer programs[4] can behave in a way parallel to biological viruses. In the year of 1984 Fred Cohen at the University of Southern California wrote his paper on the Computer Viruses[6] Theory and Experiments. It was the first paper of him in which he has explained to clearly call a self-reproducing program a virus, a term introduced by Cohens mentor Leonard Adleman. Fred Cohen published a exhibition that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all potential viruses. An article that published on malware that describes useful virus functionalities was available by J. B. Gunn in the title Use of virus functions to provide a virtual APL predictor under user control in 1984. 2.1.2 Science Fiction There are several myths associated with the science.The actual term virus was first used to symbolize a self-reproducing program in a small story by David Gerrold in Galaxy magazine in 1969-and later in his 1972 novel, When HARLIE Was One. In that novel, a attentive computer named HARLIE writes viral software to recover damaging personal information from other computers to blackmail the man who wants to turn him off. Michael Crichton[7] told as a sideline story of a computer with telephone modem dialing potential, which had been automatic to randomly dial phone numbers until it hit a modem that is answered by another computer. It was an attempt to program the answer computer with its own program, so that the second computer would also begin dialing unsystematic numbers, in search of yet a different computer to program. The program is assumed to spread exponentially through susceptible computers. 2.1.3 Virus Programs The Creeper virus[6] was first detected on ARPANET, the prototype of the Internet, in the early 1970s. Creeper was an new self-replicating program developed by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies in 1971. Creeper has used the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers which are running on the TENEX operating system. Creeper gain admission via the ARPANET and banal itself to the isolated system where there was a message, Im the creeper, catch me if you can! was displayed. The Reaper program was created to delete Creeper. A program called which is known as Elk Cloner was the first PC virus to appear in the uncultivated that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created by Richard Skrenta, it attached itself to the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system and spread via floppy disk. This virus, created as a practical joke when Skrenta was studying in the high school and was injected in a game on a floppy disk. On his 50th iterative use the Elk Cloner virus would be activate, which prone to infecting the PCs and displaying a short poem beginning Elk Cloner: The program with a personality. The first IBM PC virus in the natural was a boot sector virus dubbed and created by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, seemingly to deter piracy of the software they had written. Before computer networks[7] became widespread, most viruses spread on removable media, particularly floppy disks. In the early days of the PCs, many users frequently exchanged their information and programs on floppies. Some of the viruses are spread by infecting programs which are stored on these disks, while others programs installed themselves into the disk boot sector, which ensure that they would be run when the user booted the computer from the disk, usually inadvertently. Personal computers of the period would try to boot from the floppy at first if one had been left in the drive. Until floppy disks rejects, this was the most unbeaten infection strategy and that is why boot sector viruses were the most common in the wild for many years. Conventional computer viruses[6] emerge in the 1980s, that are driven by the spread of PCs and the consequential increase in BBS, modem use, and software sharing. Bulletin board-driven software giving out contributed directly to the swell of Trojan horse programs, and computer viruses which were written to infect readily traded software. Shareware and bootleg software were equally common vectors for viruses on BB Systems Viruses can increase their chances of spreading over the several other computers which in networks[7] by infecting the files on the particular network file system or a file system which can be access by other computers Macro viruses have become common since the mid-1990s. Most of these viruses are written in the scripting languages for Microsoft programs such as MS-Word and MS-Excel and spread throughout Microsoft Office by infecting documents and spreadsheets. Since Word processor and Excel spread sheets were also available for Mac OS, most could also spread to Macintosh computers. Although most of these computer viruses[6] may not have the capability to send contaminated email messages to those viruses which did take advantage of the Microsoft Outlook COM interface. Some old versions of Microsoft Word allow macros to repeat themselves with added blank lines. If two macro viruses concurrently infect a document, the combination of the two, if also self-replicating, can appear as a mating of the two and would likely be detected as a virus unique from the parents. A virus may also send a web address link as an instant message to all the contacts on an infected machine. If the recipient, thinking the link is from a friend which isa trusted source follows the link to the website, the virus hosted at the site may be able to infect this new computer and continue propagating. Viruses that spread using cross-site scripting were first reported in 2002, and were academically demonstrated in 2005.There have been multiple instances of the cross-site scripting viruses in the wild, exploiting websites such as MySpace and Yahoo!. 2.2 Classification In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to executable files that may be part of legitimate programs (see code injection). If a user attempts to begin an infected program, the virus code may be executed concurrently. Viruses can be separated into two types based on their performance when they are executed. Nonresident viruses straight away search for other hosts system or OS which can be infected, or infect those targets, and finally transfer organize to the application program they infected. Tenant viruses do not search for hosts when they are happening. Instead, a resident virus masses itself into memory on execution and transfers control to the host program. The virus stays active in the background and infects new hosts when those files are accessed by other programs or the operating system itself. 2.2.1 Nonresident Viruses Nonresident viruses can be notion of as consisting of a finder module and a replication module. The finder module is responsible for finding new files to infect. For each new executable file the finder module encounters, it calls the replication module to infect that file. 2.2.2 Resident Viruses Resident viruses contain a replication module which is parallel to the one that is engaged by nonresident viruses. This section, however, is not called by a finder module. The virus[27] masses the duplication module into memory when it is executed instead and ensures that this module is executed each time the operating system is called to carry out a certain operation. The replication module can be called, for example, each time the operating system executes a file. In this case the virus infects every suitable program that is executed on the computer. Resident viruses are sometimes can be divided into a class of fast infectors and a class of slow infectors. Fast infectors are those which are designed to infect as many files as soon as possible. A fast infector, for instance, can infect every potential host file that is accessed. This pose a special difficulty when using anti-virus software[1], since a virus scanner will access every prospective host file on a computer when it performs a system-wide scan. If the virus scanner fails to notice that such a virus is present in memory the virus can piggy-back on the virus scanner and in this way infect all files that are scanned. Fast infectors rely on their fast infection rate to spread. The disadvantage of this method is that infecting many files may make detection more likely, because the virus may slow down a computer or perform many suspicious actions that can be noticed by anti-virus software. Slow infectors, on the other hand, are designed to infect hosts infrequently. Some slow infectors, for instance, only infect files when they are copied. Slow infectors are designed to avoid detection by limiting their actions: they are less likely to slow down a computer noticeably and will, at most, infrequently trigger anti-virus software[5] that detects suspicious behavior by programs. The slow infector approach, however, does not seem very successful. In most of the operating systems which use file extensions to determine program relations such as Microsoft Windows. The extensions may be normally hidden from the user by default. This makes it probable to create a file that is of a different type than it appears to the users or programmers. For example, an executable file may be created named picture.png.exe, in which the user sees only picture.png and therefore assumes that this file is an image and most likely is safe, yet when opened runs the executable on the client machine. An additional scheme is to generate the virus system from parts of existing operating system files by using the CRC16/CRC32 data. The initial code can be quite small (tens of bytes) and unpack a fairly large virus. This is analogous to a biological prion in the way it works but is vulnerable to signature based detection. This attack has not yet been seen in the wild. 2.3 Infection Strategies Virus avoids detection[31] by users, some viruses employ different kinds of deception. Some of the old viruses, especially on the MS-DOS operating system, make sure that the last modified date of a host file stays the same when the file is infected by the virus. This approach does not fool antivirus software, however, especially those which maintain and date cyclic redundancy checks on file changes. Some viruses can infect files without increasing their sizes or damaging the files. They accomplish this by overwriting unused areas of executable files. These are called cavity viruses. For example, the CIH virus, or Chernobyl Virus, infects Portable Executable files. Because those files have many empty gaps, the virus, which was 1 KB in length, did not add to the size of the file. Some viruses try to avoid detection by killing the tasks associated with antivirus software[1] before it can detect them. As computers and operating systems grow larger and more complex, old hiding techniques need to be updated or replaced. Defending a computer against viruses may demand that a file system migrate towards detailed and explicit permission for every kind of file access. 2.3.1 Read Request Intercepts While some antivirus software employ various techniques to counter stealth mechanisms, once the infection occurs any recourse to clean the system is unreliable. In Microsoft Windows operating systems, the NTFS file system is proprietary. Direct access to files without using the Windows OS is undocumented. This leaves antivirus software little alternative but to send a read request to Windows OS files that handle such requests. Some viruses trick antivirus[5] software by intercepting its requests to the OS. A virus can hide itself by intercepting the request to read the infected file, handling the request itself, and return an uninfected version of the file to the antivirus software. The interception can occur by code injection of the actual operating system files that would handle the read request. Thus, an antivirus software[1] attempting to detect the virus will either not be given permission to read the infected file, or, the read request will be served with the uninfected version of the same file. File hashes stored in Windows, to identify altered Windows files, can be overwritten so that the System File Checker will report that system files are originals. The only reliable method to avoid stealth is to boot from a medium that is known to be clean. Security software can then be used to check the dormant operating system files. Most security software relies on virus signatures or they employ heuristics, instead of also using a database of file hashes for Windows OS files. Using file hashes to scan for altered files would guarantee removing an infection. The security software can identify the altered files, and request Windows installation media to replace them with authentic versions. 2.3.2 Self-Modification Most modern antivirus programs try to find virus-patterns inside ordinary programs by scanning them for so-called virus signatures. Unfortunately, the term is misleading, in that viruses do not possess unique signatures in the way that human beings do. Such a virus signature is merely a sequence of bytes that an antivirus program looks for because it is known to be part of the virus. A better term would be search strings. Different antivirus programs[1] will employ different search strings, and indeed different search methods, when identifying viruses[6]. If a virus scanner finds such a pattern in a file, it will perform other checks to make sure that it has found the virus, and not merely a coincidental sequence in an innocent file, before it notifies the user that the file is infected. The user can then delete, or in some cases clean or heal the infected file. Some viruses employ techniques that make detection by means of signatures difficult but probably not impossible. These viru ses modify their code on each infection. That is, each infected file contains a different variant of the virus. 2.3.3 Encryption With A Variable Key A more advanced method is the use of simple encryption to encipher the virus. In this case, the virus consists of a small decrypting dependent methods and an encrypted copy of the virus code. If the virus is encrypted with the help of different key for each infected file, the only part of the virus that leftovers stable is the decrypting unit, which would (for example) be appended to the end. In this case, a virus scanner will not able to detect directly the virus using signatures, but it can still detect the decrypting unit, which still makes indirect revealing of the virus possible. Since these would be symmetric keys, stored on the infected host. In fact completely possible to decrypt the final virus, but this is almost certainly not required, since self-modifying code is such a scarcity that it may be basis for virus scanners to at least flag the file as suspicious. This may be old , but solid, encryption involves XORing each byte in a virus with a even, so that the exclusive-or operation has only to be frequent for decryption. It is doubtful for a code to adjust itself, so the code to do the encryption as wll as decryption may be part of the signature in many virus definition. 2.3.4 Polymorphic Code Polymorphic code was the first technique that posed a serious threat[27] to virus scanners. Likewise various normal encrypted viruses such as a polymorphic virus[15][16] infects files with an encrypted copy of itself, which may be decoded by a decryption method. In the case of polymorphic viruses or polymorphic worms[10], however, this decryption module is also modified on each infection. A well-written polymorphic virus thus has no parts which wait identical between infection, making it very difficult to detect directly using signatures. Antivirus software can detect it by decrypting the viruses using an emulator, or by statistical pattern analysis of the encrypted virus body. To enable polymorphic code, the virus has must have a polymorphic engine which is also called mutating engine or mutation engine anywhere in its encrypted body. Some viruses employ polymorphic code in a system that constrain the change rate of the virus appreciably. For example, a virus can be planned to alter only slightly over time, or it can be programmed to refrain from mutating when it infects a file on a computer that previously contains copies of the virus. The benefit of using such sluggish polymorphic[15][16] code is that it makes it more difficult for antivirus professionals to get representative sample of the virus, because tempt files that are infected in one run will naturally have identical or parallel sample of the virus. This will make it more liable that the detection by the virus scanner will be variable, and that some instances of the virus may be able to avoid detection. 2.3.5 Metamorphic Code To avoid being detected by emulation, some viruses revise themselves completely each time they are to infect new executables. Viruses that make use of this technique are said to be metamorphic. To enable metamorphism, a metamorphic engine must be needed. A metamorphic virus is usually very large and complex. For example, W32/Simile consists of over 15,000 lines of assembly language code, 90% of which is part of the metamorphic engine. 2.3.6 Avoiding Bait Files and other Undesirable Hosts A virus wants to infect hosts in order to multiply further. In some cases, it might be a bad idea to infect a mass program. For example, many antivirus softwares perform an integrity check of their own code. Infecting such programs will therefore increase the likelihood that the virus is detected. For this reason, some viruses are programmed not to infect programs that are known to be part of antivirus software. Another type of host that viruses[27] sometimes avoid are bait files. Bait files (or goat files) are files that are specially created by antivirus software, or by antivirus professionals themselves, to be infected by a virus. These files can be created for various reasons, all of which are related to the detection of the virus: Antivirus professionals can use tempt files to take a test of a virus. It is more realistic to store and exchange a small, infected lure file, than to swap a large application program that has been infected by the virus. Antivirus professionals can use bait files to study the actions of a virus and assess detection methods. This is particularly useful when the virus is polymorphic[15][16]. In this case, the virus can be made to infect a large number of entice files. The grimy files can be used to test whether a virus scanner detects all versions of the virus. Some antivirus software employ bait files that are accessed regularly. When these files are modified, the antivirus software warns the user that a virus is probably active on the system. Since bait files are used to detect the virus, or to make detection possible, a virus can benefit from not infecting them. Viruses typically do this by avoiding suspicious programs, such as small program files or programs that contain certain patterns of garbage instructions. A related strategy to make baiting difficult is sparse infection. Sometimes, sparse infectors do not infect a host file that would be a suitable candidate for infection in other circumstances. For example, a virus can decide on a random basis whether to infect a file or not, or a virus can only infect host files on particular days of the week. 2.4 Vulnerability and Countermeasures 2.4.1 The Vulnerability of Operating Systems to Viruses Just as genetic diversity in a population decreases the chance of a single disease wiping out a population, the diversity of software systems on a network similarly limits the destructive potential of viruses. This became a particular concern in the 1990s, when Microsoft gained market dominance in desktop operating systems and office suites. Microsoft software is targeted by virus writers due to their desktop dominance. Although Windows is by far the most popular target operating system for virus writers, viruses also exist on other platforms. Any operating system that allows third-party programs to run can theoretically run viruses. As of 2006, there were at least 60 known security exploits targeting the base installation of Mac OS X (with a Unix-based file system and kernel). The number of viruses[6] for the older Apple operating systems, known as Mac OS Classic, varies greatly from source to source, with Apple stating that there are only four known viruses, and independent sources stating there are as many as 63 viruses. Many Mac OS Classic viruses targeted the HyperCard authoring environment. The difference in virus vulnerability between Macs and Windows is a chief selling point, one that Apple uses in their Get a Mac advertising. In January 2009, Symantec announced the discovery of a Trojan that targets Macs. This discovery did not gain much coverage until April 2009. While Linux, and Unix in general, has always natively blocked normal users from having access to make changes to the operating system environment, Windows users are generally not. This difference has continued partly due to the widespread use of administrator accounts in contemporary versions like XP. In 1997, when a virus for Linux was released-known as Bliss-leading antivirus[5] vendors issued warnings that Unix-like systems could fall prey to viruses just like Windows. The Bliss virus may be considered characteristic of viruses-as opposed to worms-on Unix systems. Bliss requires that the user run it explicitly, and it can only infect programs that the user has the access to modify. Unlike Windows users, most Unix users do not log in as an administrator user except to install or configure software; as a result, even if a user ran the virus, it could not harm their operating system. The Bliss virus never became widespread, and remains chiefly a research curiosity. Its creator later posted the source code to Usenet, allowing researchers to see how it worked. 2.4.2 The Role of Software Development Because software is often designed with security features to prevent unauthorized use of system resources, many viruses must exploit software bugs in a system or application to spread. Software development strategies that produce large numbers of bugs will generally also produce potential exploits. 2.4.3 Anti-Virus Software and other Preventive Measures Many users install anti-virus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses after the computer downloads or runs the executable. There are two common methods that an anti-virus software application uses to detect viruses. The first, and by far the most common method of virus detection is using a list of virus signature definitions. This works by examining the content of the computers memory (its RAM, and boot sectors) and the files stored on fixed or removable drives (hard drives, floppy drives), and comparing those files against a database of known virus signatures. The disadvantage of this detection[32] method is that users are only protected from viruses that pre-date their last virus definition update. The second method is to use a heuristic algorithm to find viruses based on common behaviors. This method has the ability to detect novel viruses that anti-virus security[7] firms have yet to create a signature for. Some anti-virus programs are able to scan opened files in addition to sent and received email messages on the fly in a similar manner. This practice is known as on-access scanning. Anti-virus software does not change the underlying capability of host software to transmit viruses. Users must update their software regularly to patch security holes. Anti-virus software also needs to be regularly updated in order to recognize the latest threats[27]. One may also minimize the damage done by viruses by making regular backups of data (and the operating systems) on different media, that are either kept unconnected to the system (most of the time), read-only or not accessible for other reasons, such as using different file systems. This way, if data is lost through a virus, one can start again using the backup (which should preferably be recent). If a backup session on optical media like CD and DVD is closed, it becomes read-only and can no longer be affected by a virus (so long as a virus or infected file was not copied onto the CD/DVD). Likewise, an operating system on a bootable CD can be used to start the computer if the installed operating systems become unusable. Backups on removable media must be carefully inspected before restoration. The Gammima virus, for example, propagates via removable flash drives. 2.4.4 Recovery Methods A number of recovery options exist after a computer has a virus. These actions depend on the virus. Some may be safely removed by functions available in most anti-virus software products. Others may require re-installation of damaged programs. It is necessary to know the characteristics of the virus involved to take the correct action, and anti-virus products will identify known viruses precisely before trying to dis-infect a computer; otherwise such action could itself cause a lot of damage. New viruses that anti-virus researchers have not yet studied therefore present an ongoing problem, which requires anti-virus packages[1] to be updated frequently. 2.4.5 Virus Removal One possibility on Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 is a tool known as System Restore, which restores the registry and critical system files to a previous checkpoint. Often a virus will cause a system to hang, and a subsequent hard reboot will render a system restore point from the same day corrupt. Restore points from previous days should work provided the virus is not designed to corrupt the restore files and does not exist in previous restore points. Some viruses disable System Restore and other important tools such as Task Manager and Command Prompt. An example of a virus that does this is Cia Door. Many such viruses can be removed by rebooting the computer, entering Windows safe mode , and then using system tools. Many websites run by anti-virus software companies provide free online virus scanning, with limited cleaning facilities (the purpose of the sites is to sell anti-virus products). Some websites allow a single suspicious file to be checked by many antivirus programs in one operation. Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use), and Microsoft provide a free anti-malware utility that runs as part of their regular Windows update regime. 2.4.6 Operating System Reinstallation Reinstalling any OS is another loom to virus removal. It involves either reformatting the computers hard disk drive and installing the operating system and

Mark Anthonys crypt Of The Shadowking: A Fantasy :: essays research papers

Mark Anthony's "Crypt of the Shadowking": A Fantasy Crypt of the Shadowking by Mark Anthony is a fantasy tale of the never ending struggle of good against evil. The Zhentarim, the hell-bent organization which is more concerned with making a profit than the greater good of all has taken over the city of a thousand spires. The Harpers, a loosely construed group of people who are always meddling in others affairs to keep the proverbial balance between good and evil in check, are ready to get the once bustling trade city back on the track it once was with the help of a former member. Through out the book there is never a dull moment, making it easy to read in just one or two sittings. Anyone who loves a good fantasy should read this book. After seven long years of traveling, the rough looking, worn out Caledan Caldorien is returning to his home town Ireaebor and finds it has been taken over by a tyrant known as Cutter. In Caledan's absence, Cutter has passed many ridiculous laws and anyone violating any of these is forced into slavery under the Tor which the city is set upon, where Cutter is mining to find the crypt of the Shadowking, where the nightstone, an ancient artifact of great and evil power, believed to be. Caledan finds this out through a connection within the slums and goes to find his old traveling companions who once made up the Company of the Dreaming Dragon. After reuniting, the company goes to find the tomb of Merrimeck to find the secret of the shadow song, the known power against the Shadowking and the nightstone. As the company travels to toward the Fields of the Dead, they encounter a shadevar, a horrifying and powerful foe thought to have been banished from the world of Toril long ago. After a wild battle, and the death of the shadevar, the company thief, Ferrit, searches the corpse and finds a ring which enabled the shadervar to communicate with the frighteningly powerful creature who summoned it, and through magic the mage, Morhion, finds that the master of the shadevar was not the lord Cutter as they had once thought but Cutter's own lord steward, Snake. After returning, Ferrit does a little spying and finds that Snake has made a pact with the Shadowking and to conspire against Cutter and eventually rule over all of Toril. The Company of the Dreaming Dragon devise a plan to free all of the slaves and through a little flag waving get all of the slaves and cityfolk alike to revolt against Cutter

Medical Ethics Essay

Living in the land of opportunity and freedom has its limits. There is an expectation that every time we visit our doctor’s office that we all will get the highest amount of respect and help that can be given. Growing up, throughout my whole life I have been in and out of the emergency room more times than any normal person probably should have. Just only eleven months ago, I severely fractured my calcaneus (heel bone) into three separate pieces and had to stay in the hospital for four days due to surgery. Throughout my countless surgeries and visits to the hospital, I cannot imagine myself in a situation where the a doctor would refuse to give treatment or perform any type of procedure to anyone due to his or her personal belief whether it be based on race, sexual preference, political beliefs, or frankly any other reason. Today there are many Doctors who are refusing medical assistance to patients because of their own personal religious and even political beliefs and values. It turns out that a doctor’s ability to refuse any kind of service is legal. Randi Kaye, a CNN Correspondent interviewed Dr. Edward Langston at The American Medical Association. The AMA along with the many Doctors agree â€Å"Any physician as the opportunity that if because of personal beliefs religious or moral beliefs that they can refuse to provide services, but we also believe that physician has an obligation to provide an avenue where the patient can get the care that they’re seeking,†. One particular case dealing with a man in New Jersey, written by Rmuse, an advocate for freedom of religion and particularly, freedom of no religion. Joao Simoes, a gay, and HIV positive patient at a Catholic Hospital. Dr. Susan V. Borga, came into his room while looking at the medical file. She looked at Joao Simoes and a sked him how he contracted HIV. Simoes confirmed that he contracted the virus through unprotected sex. Dr. Borga then asked if it was due to unprotected sex with another man. As soon as he confirmed that yes, it was with another man, Borga closed his file walked out of his room. Simoes was not allowed to contact his personal physician for three day to help get medication. When he was finally allowed to contact his physician, he was told that he had already spoken to Dr. Borga informing her that Simoes needed his medication. Her response to the physician was that he must also  be gay being that he was his doctor. This was followed by â€Å"This is what he gets for going against God’s will.† Simone was finally able to get his medication after the hospital allowed his sister to visit and saw that she gave his medication to the nurses. Another case dealt with a Wal-Mart pharmacy in Wisconsin. Due to this pharmacy being a very busy pharmacy, they contacted a temporary agency because they need temporary assistant. This temporary employee informed Wal-Mart through a written statement that due to his religious beliefs, he would not be able to handle any clients that had any issues with or relating any form of contraception. Wal-Mart decided to compromise with the new employee to where he passes on the client to another pharmacist. When calls were made dealing with contraception, he would place them on hold and not inform anyone. When patients would pick up a birth control prescription, he would walk away and not tell anyone there was a patient waiting. Wal-Mart then tried again to compromise, but when realizing there would be no resolution, he was fired. A last case explained by Jessica Dweck occurred in Florida. â€Å"Florida physician Jack Cassell taped a sign to his office door advising Obama supporters to â€Å"s eek urologic care elsewhere.† The only way that this doctor could be sued successfully is if the patient is currently being treated and was in need of care, that the doctor ceased care without a proper notice or referral for another doctor. A doctor’s visit in not based on political views. The relationship between a doctor and a patient should be based on the physical and emotional wellbeing of the patient. The main question and concern should be why in the year 2014, when the United States is dealing with terrorism, and teenagers going on a shooting spree at their high schools, is there such a clause that allows Doctors to refuse medical attention towards friendly, innocent Americans based on hatred? Why is it that after so many years of war and innocent blood shed is there still a clause that allows Doctors to refuse medical assistance on the base of religious or personal beliefs? In an online article† Pharmacist Conscience Clause: Laws and Information† explains the reason why it was enacted. The conscience clause was first executed in response to the Supreme Court decision in 1973 in the Roe v. Wade case during the woman’s rights movement. Roe v. Wade ruled unconstitutional a state law that banned abortion except  to save the life of the mother. This response caused major uproar to the point where some states proposed legislation and passed laws allowing them to refuse abortions in their establishment. It went as far as pharmacist refusing in supplying refills and prescriptions of contraceptives. These actions resulted in the enactment of the conscience clause. The conscience clause was enacted in order to protect medical professionals from legal action for refusing to assist with contraception and abortion. In fact, many states began to follow with their own conscience clause which also allowed them to refuse medical service and prescription refills according to their idealistic beliefs. Unfortunately, there are also laws that that allows doctors to refuse medical attention to patients due to racism, sexism, or any type of hatred. â€Å"Since 2005, twenty-seven states introduced bills to widen refusal clauses. Four states are considering granting carte blanche refusal rights-much like the law adopted by Mississippi in 2004, which allows any health care provider to refuse practically anything on moral grounds. â€Å"It’s written so badly there is no protection for patients,† (Erdely). It is mind boggling to see that this is allowed in the† land of the free†, the State where the people are allowed to be who they want to be, and the possibilities of living a successful and happy life are endless. What seems to be going on, and what we probably should be concerned about is that doctors are taking advantage of the clause and finding loopholes to be able to act upon their bigotry. The system seems to be seriously broken. If something is wrong than it is up to us to make them right. The main concern then should be getting the Obama administration to revoke the conscience clause that was put in place by President Bush right before he left office. If people began signing petitions, and calling the news stations to publicly get the word of the unfair treatment of patients needing medical attention. This method surely would be a great starts in fighting against these unfair acts. Once the word is out on the streets, multiple legal actions should start to be put into place towards those doctors that placed many lives at risk or altered their lives to a point where they did not want to be. Such examples would be women who were brutally raped and were forced to have the babe due to doctors refusing to help. Or women losing their lives because of  internal infections caused by pregnancy. It is a safe bet that what people want is a life where there is no judgment. A life where the color of skin, political party we, sexual interest, and lastly choices in life that are made good or bad, should not be the determinant nor reason to be handed down a death sentence (Rmuse). Our country should not be stepping back into a life of hate, disregard, and prejudice towards one another. It should be taking a step forward to a place where we all get properly treated and be refused a health service because of hatred. Works Cited Dweck, Jessica. â€Å"Can Doctors Refuse to Treat Patients Based on Their Political Beliefs?† Slate Magazine. N.p., 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 08 July 2014. Erdely, Sabrina Rubin. â€Å"Doctors’ Beliefs Can Hinder Patient Care.† Msnbc.com. N.p., 22 June 2007. Web. 08 July 2014. Kaye, Randi. â€Å"When Doctors Play Judge.† CNN. Cable News Network, 12 Nov. 2012. Web. 09 July 2014. â€Å"Pharmacist Conscience Clauses: Laws and Information.† Pharmacist Conscience Clauses Laws and Information. National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2012. Web. 06 July 2014. Rmuse. â€Å"Conservative Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacists Create Death Panels By Abusing Conscience Clause.† PoliticusUSA. N.p., 4 June 2012. Web. 09 July 2014.

Free sample - Christian Ethics. translation missing

Christian Ethics. Christian EthicsFirst of all the notion of Christian ethics should be defined. Christian ethics or moral teachings of Christianity, determines the moral compass of human behavior. Human behavior based on Christian ideas about the nature and destiny of man, his relationship with God. Christian ethics can be called a theory of Christian action. Ethics of Christianity Expressed in the Christian ethos, a certain style of life, diverse in its manifestations and peculiar   of individuals and large social groups of Christians. For me, ethics is limited to human relationships, with a view to equip the society so that all its members with a diversity of interests not to upset each other, but only the joy, and so that everyone can develop the right attitude to itself and its role in specific situations. [1] Throughout my life, I try to follow the moral principles taught by my parents and chosen by myself. I had not any religious upbringing, but think I know how to differ good and bad. As morally and ethically educated person I am able to keep such destructive emotions such as aggression, greed, boundless self-assertion, and try to guide them to safety to the public channel. All my principals that I follow I tried to put into the list and have got the following: concern for the welfare of others; respect the rights of others to be independent; reliability and honesty; voluntary submission to the law (with the exception of civil disobedience); fairness; rejection of an unfair advantage over others; philanthropy, the opportunity to benefit; prevention of harmful consequences. For example, professional associations have codes of ethics rules, which specify the desired behavior within the context of professional practice, such as medicine, law, accounting, engineering or forestry. I understand that these recorded in writing setting determine the default behavior, which is usually based on the principles of professional ethics. I have next ones: impartiality and objectivity; honesty, complete exposure; confidentiality; due diligence (duty of care); precise execution of professional duties; avoid potential or apparent conflicts. Lets’ analyze the notion of family ethics. In my understanding and according to my vision the concept of ethics in relation to the family used in the sense of morality, family, morality, and is regarded as an estimate breeding family members individually, and the moral climate of the family as a group. I think the brightest example of the qualities that I try to bring up is reflected in situation of family conflict. According to my principles I try never figure out family relationships with outsiders; make a stand for my loved ones, do not tell anybody about the facts, defaming my family, trying to stop a fit of anger, not to generalize and exaggerate, try to concede, not to clash over trifles. From the viewpoint of Unification, the relationship of people in society are the projection of the relationship between family members at home. For example, if there is a difference between people under the age of twenty or more years, their relationship must be characterized by love of older to younger, as their children, and the younger should respect their elders, as their parents. If the age difference is ten years or less, leading to love the younger men as their younger brothers or sisters, and younger - to respect their elders, as their older brothers or sisters. From this perspective, the family ethic is the foundation for all types of ethics. In transferring the family ethics in society, she turns into a social ethic, in transferring it to the corporation, it becomes a corporate ethics, in transferring it to the state it becomes a state ethics. Thanks to this, the true values have affirmed (virtues). In the state public figures must love his people, and people should respond to them respectfully. At school, teachers should love their children and their work, and students - respect their teachers. At the societal level senior must protect younger and younger - to respond to them respectfully. At the level of heads of institutions or enterprises should have a good lead subordinates, and subordinates - well follow the instructions of superiors. The love between brothers and sisters in the family, transferred to society, the state and the world, becomes the love of colleagues, neighbors, fellow citizens and humanity in general, in this love I try to   embody such horizontal values (virtues), as a peace-loving, tolerance, a sense of duty, loyalty, courtesy, humility, compassion, cooperation, service to the cause and understanding. However, today's society, the state and the world thrown into chaos. The reason for this is the weakening of the ethics of family relations, serving as the basis for all types of ethics. Consequently, the path to salvation lies through the public approval of a new family ethic, a new view of it. To accomplish this, we can save from destruction of the family, can save the world.[3] As I am a student of medical college (the clinical department), I can affirm that the ethics has its reflection on the process of teaching and studying at the college. Teacher on the faculty is also a physician. Therefore, what kind of physician he appears before the students, largely determines the ethics of the teaching process. There occur simultaneously paternalistic and partner relationships. Paternalistic - because the teacher gives what he knows, teaches skills that are owned. Ethical conflicts do not arise if the teacher knows a lot and can teach. In today's higher medical school it is becoming increasingly difficult to do. Each teacher comes out of this predicament in their own way: by virtue of his education, mastered teaching ethics, temperament and character. Learning process may be accompanied by violation of certain principles and norms of ethics and law. Another factor that reflects ethic norms in my studying is learning a subject of ethics on business classes. I have noticed that particular business ethics course shows us that this discipline can be â€Å"done† separately from management, finance or other sphere of business or studying. To my mind such idea\theory seems to be totally wrong. Every theory of business, we are familiar with during the learning process, contains elements and assumptions about what the role of humans in this theory, why it is necessary and what is a good result. Finally we can conclude that there are no ethically neutral theories or situations, they always contain some principles – moral or immoral, and they can never be free of them. So, during my classes I try to differentiate what is good or bad, how can I be successful together with my principles and Christian ethics norms. I believe I should follow the rules set in place by society (for the most part) and follow my conscious. I think mo st people know right and wrong, it is just a matter what they choose to do. Therefore it is wrong to think that in the learning process and in the business we can be taught any theory, and then add to them moral and ethical standards. They are already installed and we are entitled to choose one for ourselves in accordance with our beliefs. On our business ethics class we are taught basic qualities such as human dignity on one hand, and that any person is the part of the mechanism which provides profit and is a part of successful deal. [2] I think it is appropriate to say about professional ethics as a part of the process of studying ethics. Human activities are so diverse that the universal moral standards are often inadequate to regulate human behavior in specific areas of activity. Professional ethics refers to the implied or explicitly defined set of rules or codes of conduct that guide decision-makers in their various professional roles. This kind of role morality often provides beneficial effects on the resolution of ethical disputes arising in the course of professional activities. Most ethical dilemmas associated with different types of professional ethics, include some kind of contradiction between functionally differentiable and universal ethics. I have summarized my general principles and norms, based on degree of my beliefs: there is an ethical scale of human actions. Actions are good and bad, worthy and unworthy. Quality of a person is determined by what and how he's doing. Anyone who behaves with dignity, and respect is commendable, one who behaves in an unworthy manner is worth of censure, resentment and contempt; the good is natural and normal, the evil is random and unnatural. A decent man behaves adequately not because he is forced to some external factors, or hoped to receive from it any benefit, but simply because the opposite is unnatural and disgusting; there is justice. For good to yourself you should render the good, for evil - evil. Recompense good for evil (i.e. charity) is possible, but not as a rule, but as an exception to the rule. When applied to power relations: a violation of the law must be followed by punishment; there is a difference between "my" and "others". My (own family, own people, own country) - it is something for which I am responsible, something that I must take care, ha ving the duty to protect first and foremost, what is required to give preference to the "others". If we speak about the community, I believe that basic ethic norms here are: allowed everything that is not directly violating the rights of others; the rights of all people are equal. I try to follow them trough whole my life. Now educated man is a rarity in our daily lives, especially among young people who aspire only to the visual appeal. And yet these people are, and they are needed members of any company. Indeed, morally and spiritually strong person is very uncommon. To achieve maximum results and to become well-mannered person I learned from childhood. From the childhood parents brought me a sense of patriotism, love of family and, of course, good taste. This is best taught by own example that they did. In later years I took up self-education. I believe that self-education is the way to the formation of character, conscious development of valuable human qualities, and desire for self-education occurs only when there is a desire to achieve something, be useful to society, to become a person. The emphasis is on self-development, which leads, on the one hand, to achieving personal goals, and on the other hand, to "non-consumptiveness" towards others. Of course all the Christian imperatives amplified: "do not kill", "do not steal", "Do not lie," "sympathize and help others." And these basic facilities will not be violated in the name of God. I believe that people who live in my community are only looking out for themselves and I will do anything to get ahead, trying hard not to be involved with the community. I think the important thing for a modern society is the freedom of man and condemnation of violence and intolerance. Unlike religion, where justification for violence in the name of God is possible, modern morality rejects any violence and intolerance. Traditional society simply overwhelmed with immorality and lack of spirituality, including stringent violence against women and children, all dissenters and "violators of tradition." Modern morality requires a person to develop and achieve success with own efforts. But it does not say how to do it, only encouraging people to permanent seeking, to overcoming themselves and the voltage of their forces. Instead, modern morality gives a person the feeling that he was the creator of the future and one of the builders of himself and the entire world. In addition, self-development, increasing of professionalism leads to the attainment of wealth, gives prosperity in this life. Undo ubtedly, modern morality destroys many senseless rules and prohibitions, and in this sense makes life easier and more enjoyable. But at the same time modern morality imposes tough-to-person claim to be the person itself rather than go on about their own animal instincts or gregarious. This requires a manifestation of moral reason, but not primitive emotions such as aggression, revenge, and desire to subjugate others. And it is not easy just being tolerant, to overcome in yourself personal and public facilities. [4] As far as I believe in free will, morality, responsibility, and that man was created for interpersonal relationships, I make three assumptions: 1) the person is responsible to God 2) he is responsible to society 3) he is responsible to those who currently are in the relationship (to family or single person). Direct connection of ethics with the practice of life is clearly seen in the so-called professional ethics, which is a system of moral claims to professional activities of man, as was pointed earlier. One of the types of professional ethics is the ethics of business relationships. It emerged relatively late on the basis of the total labor morale. The business ethics takes place in the practice of business. It includes the ethics of management (management ethics), ethics of business communication, ethics of behavior, etc. I see two main viewpoints on the relation of universal ethical principles and business ethics: 1) the rules of conventional morality to business does not include or refer to a lesser extent. 2) business ethics based on universal ethical standards (to be honest, do no harm, keep one's word, etc.) that are specified in the light of a specific social role of business in society. Most of the tenets and norms that underlie the ethical culture of the modern economy, modern moral attitude toward work and business have its roots in the Protestant ethic. During the Reformation, the Western European countries have experienced important spiritual revolution, the essence of which was a new understanding of labor and wealth. According to representations of the ideologues of the Reformation of Luther and Calvin, work is not punishment, but divine vocation, destiny of man. The purpose of work is not redemption of sin and salvation from the sin of idleness, but the acquisition and multiplication of wealth, the accumulation of property, and the pursuit of profit. Rethinking the role of labour, along with the installation for maximum profit, financial success led to a new assessment of the role of property and wealth in human life. In the Protestant ethic property is important as a basis and foundation of individual liberty.[2] Many businessmen believe that their business can be considered as a concretization of the principles of Christian doctrine and Christian precepts. However, the rapid development of South-East Asia has clearly shown that, although the basis of people's lives in the East very different religious teachings and moral values of the market economy in general are common to all capitalist countries, irrespective of religious employers. Generally accepted ethical standards throughout the world are considered compliance with the sovereign immunity of private property, respect for the law, loyalty to a given word, the cult of fair competition, participation in charity events, providing credit, based on trust; scruples and concern for own reputation and the reputation of the firm, etc. I believe that independent choice of ethical standards and their degree of compliance in the business is a private affair of each individual. The problem of business ethics is now becoming more urgent. I will try to follow respect and trust of members of the company to each other based on social responsibility, transparency and good management. Subject of labor is central to Catholic social thought, as Church believes the work being central category of mankind. The reflection of the work of God is the work of people. Ethics of labor is that man finds his own dignity, strengthens the family and society. I strongly believe this thesis and hope that I will stay unshakeable in my principles. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jerry Fleming. Profit at Any Cost? Baker Books, 2003.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Larry Burkett, Nelson Reference. Business by the book: The Complete Guide Of Biblical Principles For The Workplace. Updated edition, 1998.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O.F. Williams and J. W. Houck. Full value: Cases in Christian business ethics, San Francisco, CA: Harper Row, 1978.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Todd Albertson. The Gods of Business: The Intersection of Faith and the Marketplace. Trinity Alumni Press, 2007.

ACT Scoring Error Did You Get Someone Elses Scores by Mistake

ACT Scoring Error Did You Get Someone Else's Scores by Mistake SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Did you take the ACT and get a lower score than you expected? Do you think there may have been a scoring error? Maybe you filled in a section incorrectly or your exam wasn’t graded properly? Scoring errors on the ACT are rare, but they are possible, and there are ways to identify and correct these errors. This guide will go over the steps you need to take in order to verify your scores, as well as what you should do to improve your score on future ACTs if there was no grading error. Did ACT, Inc. Make a Mistake? It’s very rare for ACT, Inc. to make a mistake when grading exams or reporting scores, but it does happen. Each year, hundreds of students who took the ACT request score verification, and some errors are found and corrected. ACT, Inc. does make mistakes, but it is important to know that these mistakes are very uncommon. The vast majority of students who take the ACT have their exam graded and reported properly. Before you begin the process of verifying your scores, you should be aware that the most likely scenario is that you simply didn’t do as well on the ACT as you expected you would. This can be disappointing to hear, and while you may wish this were a world where one day you come home to find a letter telling you that your ACT score is actually 5 points higher than originally reported, at some point you do have to overcome denial and focus on improving your scores for future exams. Potential Causes of Scoring Errors There are multiple reasons why a test may have been scored incorrectly. Below are some of the most common causes of scoring errors. Errors Caused by ACT, Inc. Sending a test taker the wrong score report. Incorrectly printing a question or section time on a test booklet. Problems with scanning answer sheets or essays. Errors Caused by the Test Taker Filling answers in for the wrong section. Filling in the wrong test identifying code. Writing the essay with pen instead of pencil Incorrectly filling in answer bubbles (not filling the bubble in all the way, not shading dark enough, etc.) How to Determine If There Is a Scoring Error If you're concerned that your ACT scores are wrong, you have two options: ordering a Test Information Release and requesting hand scoring. I'll go over what each of these involves in the order that I would recommend you approach them. Order a Test Information Release If after looking over your ACT score report you feel that you scored very differently from what you were expecting and don’t understand why, you can order a Test Information Release (TIR). A TIR provides you with a copy of all of the multiple choice questions from your ACT, a list of your answers, the answer key, and scoring instructions. This information allows you to see exactly which questions you answered incorrectly. If you took the ACT with Writing, you will also receive the writing prompt and essay scoring rubric. Even if you don't suspect a scoring error, TIRs can be useful as study material for future ACTs to help you learn what mistakes you made and what areas you need to improve in. ACT, Inc. offers the option to order a TIR when you register for the ACT, and you may have already ordered one. If not, you can order a TIR up to three months after you take the ACT. Note that TIRs are only available for ACTs taken on national test dates in April, June, and December, and they cost $20 to order. You can order one by filling out the form on ACT website and mailing it in. Once you receive your TIR, look over every question carefully. Are the answers the report says you marked the same ones you remember choosing? Now that you have the answer key, do you understand why those are the correct answers? It may simply be that you thought you were solving questions correctly but actually weren’t. If this is the case, skip down to the â€Å"What to do if there wasn’t a scoring error† section, and learn ways to raise your score for future ACTs. If something still seems strange, and your answer list doesn’t match with what you remember answering on the day of the test, you may want to order score verification (hand scoring). Score Verification Score verification, or hand-scoring, is a way to confirm your ACT scores if you feel your exam was graded improperly or if you think you may have marked your answer sheet incorrectly (such as filling in answers in the wrong section). You can request the ACT score verification service if, after ordering a TIR, you still believe your exam was graded incorrectly. In most cases you'll want to order a TIR before hand scoring because the TIR is cheaper and can give you a lot of useful information that, in most cases, convinces you that your test was graded properly. However, you can also order hand scoring without ordering a TIR first if you think there is an issue that will be solved by hand scoring. Reasons to request score verification before a TIR: You think you wrote your essay with pen instead of pencil. Your essay isn’t visible on your free score report. You think you bubbled your answers in on the wrong section. You think you used the wrong test identifying code. To request hand scoring, you need to fill out this request form and mail it to the ACT up to 12 months after taking the exam. You'll need to write in your name (the official one you used for the test), address, and date of birth along with the ACT ID, testing location, and test date from your original score report. Also include a check payable to ACT Student Services with the applicable fee. Score verification costs $50 for the multiple choice questions, $40 for the essay, or $90 to have both verified. Mail all of these materials along with your request for Score Verification to: ACT Student Services P.O. Box 414 Iowa City, IA 52243-0414 ACT Inc. will inform you by mail of the results of your score verification within three to five weeks. The letter will tell you if your original scores were confirmed to be correct or not. If an error was found, your scores will be changed and your corrected reports will be sent to all your previous score recipients (such as colleges you sent your scores to) at no cost. Your score verification fee will also be refunded. It’s also possible for you to be in the room during the verification process, although you won’t have access to the test questions. However, this option is not really necessary unless you are particularly worried about your test being scored incorrectly again. If you are interested in this, state it in the letter you mail along with the rest of the information to the address above. The ACT doesn’t provide a lot of details about this service, but they do state that extra fees apply. You may want to call ACT Customer Service at 319-337-1270 to learn more before requesting this option. Unlike SAT hand score verification, if you order hand scoring for the ACT, your score will never go down if an error is found that isn’t in your favor. Your score can only go up or stay the same if you request ACT hand scoring. Special note: In the past, if you ordered hand scoring for your ACT essay, your essay was be reread and rescored. Now, however, getting your essay hand-scored just means ACT, Inc. will confirm your essay was scored following ACT guidelines (two independent graders, with a third grader stepping in if the two scores differed by more than one point in any domain. Learn more about how the ACT essay is scored here. After going through the above steps, you will know whether or not the ACT made an error while grading or sending your scores. What if there was no mistake, and that really is the score you got? Read on to find out what to do. What to Do If There Wasn't a Scoring Error Don’t feel like it is the end of the world if your ACT score is lower than you thought it would be. Your standardized test scores are only one component of your application, and you may have time to retake the ACT and aim for a higher score. ACT Inc. offers a service that allows you to choose which ACT scores you send to schools. This means that, as long as the schools you’re applying to don’t require you to send all your ACT scores (and we have a complete list of the schools that require all ACT scores sent), then one low ACT score will not affect your application if you retake the ACT and receive a higher score. It's also normal for your ACT scores to fluctuate from one test to another. Drops in score of up to three composite points are normal and can occur just due to chance. This is especially true if you had a high score (30+) on previous ACT sections. Check out our guide to learn more about changes in ACT scores, what’s normal drop in score, and what isn’t. Your scores may go down, but you won't be trapped in this creepy basement. How to Improve Your Scores Read on to learn specific strategies to help improve your scores on future ACTs. Identify Your Weak Areas Take some time to look over your TIR, if you ordered one. It has a lot of useful information and lets you see exactly which questions you answered incorrectly. Make note of the areas you answered the most questions incorrectly in and focus on them for your future studying. How can you improve a low section score? Check out these section-by-section guides: English The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Should Use TheBest Methods and Strategies for ACT English Prep Math The 31 ACT Math Formulas You Need to Know More guides on everything from polygons to statistics Reading The Best Way to Practice ACT Reading How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Reading Science The Complete Guide to ACT Science 9 Reasons You're Missing ACT Science Questions Practice Don’t be unprepared for your next try at the ACT! Even though you’ve already taken the test before, you still need to study and practice for the next time. One of the best ways to do this is to take complete, strictly timed practice tests. Doing so will help you track your progress over time and help you identify where you are improving and where you still need to practice. Taking complete practice ACTs will also give you a more accurate estimate of what your score will be on a real ACT than simply taking one section at a time would. Review your results for these practice tests carefully so you learn what mistakes you made and how to avoid making them again in the future. You have to practice for the ACT, just like you would for a piano recital. (Colton Witt/Flickr) Consider Hiring a Tutor or Taking a Prep Course Sometimes, having a study plan developed by someone else is the best way to effectively target your weak areas and raise your score. There are a lot of great tutors and prep courses. Read our guide on finding the best tutor for you. Be Prepared on Test Day Simple logistics can be enough to have a significant impact on your test scores. On test day, make sure you are confident and prepared so you don’t let any outside circumstances affect your scores. Get enough sleep the night before the exam, bring a snack with you on test day, and know how to get to your test center. Having these things set will help you focus all your concentration on the test. Also, make sure you give yourself enough time before retaking the ACT. I recommend between two and four months so that you have enough time to practice and improve. Summary It’s very rare for ACT, Inc. to send incorrect ACT scores, but it does happen. If you are surprised by how low your ACT scores are, there is a process you can go through to get your scores verified, but be aware the chances of your scores changing is very small. To verify your scores should first order a Test Information Release so you can see exactly which questions you answered correctly and which you answered incorrectly. Comparing your responses to the answer key may be enough to clear up the problem and let you see what you did wrong. However, if you still believe there was an error, you can request hand scoring to have your scores verified. There is a fee for both of these services, and they must be requested within three months of taking the ACT. If there was no scoring error, there are multiple ways you can work to improve your score, including analyzing your score reports, taking practice tests, and using a tutor or prep program. You can find more information about ACT score verification here. What's Next? Are you interested in a test prep program? PrepScholar has the industry's leading ACT and SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Try a 5-day risk-free trial for the ACT or SAT today! Interested in getting a top score on the ACT? Read our guide on how to get a perfect ACT score, by a 36 full scorer. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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